Research Study Participation

• Are a recreationally active female (≥150 minutes per week of moderate to vigorous aerobic activity) between the ages of 18-35.
• Meet the study’s aerobic fitness eligibility requirement (assessed during Visit 1: achieve an age-specific “fair” or greater cardiorespiratory fitness classification (≥34.6 ml∙kg-1∙min-1) during the maximal graded exercise test).
• Are willing to come in for all seven study visits and complete all study activities.

• Male or female adult aged ≥60 years old
• Free from uncontrolled metabolic disease (as determined via health history questionnaire and resting blood pressure assessment)
• Free from implanted pacemakers/defibrillators
• Recreationally active (≥150 min. per week of self-reported moderate physical activity and at least one resistance training/weight-bearing session per week)
• Cleared to begin an exercise program as determined by all “no” answers on the modified Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PARQ)
• Able to reliably initiate a video conferencing call (e.g., Zoom, WhatsApp, Facetime, etc.) with your laptop or mobile phone

• Are a recreationally active male or female (≥150 minutes per week of moderate to vigorous activity) between the ages of 18-35.
• Are willing to come in for four visits

• Male and female adults (18-35 years of age).
• Are physically active (≥150 minutes per week of physical activity plus muscle-strengthening activities on 2 or more days)
• Willing to follow all pre-visit restrictions (no caffeine within 12 hours, no alcohol within 24 hours, no strenuous exercise within 24 hours, no food within 3 hours, at least 6 hours of sleep the night before and arrive well hydrated).
• Not pregnant, not breastfeeding, and not actively trying to become pregnant during study participation, based on self-report.

You must be 18 years of age or older and be a healthcare provider, clinician, practitioner (e.g., athletic trainer, physical therapist, physician, physiotherapist, sport scientist, strength and conditioning coach), or a student in a healthcare or sport science-related program that could administer functional testing with patients/clients/athletes to take part in this research study.

We invite you to take part in a research study because you are a male runner between the ages of 18 and 40 who has been running at least 4 times per week for the past 3 years and has a recent 5 km personal best under 20 minutes. You must also be:

• Free from injury and able to safely complete treadmill running
• Willing to follow all pre visit restrictions (no caffeine within 24 hours, no strenuous exercise within 24 hours, no food within 3 hours)

• Younger adults aged 18–35 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 18.5–34.9 kg/m² who have participated in lower-body resistance training at least twice per week for the previous 6 months.
• Older adults aged 70 years and older with a body mass index (BMI) of 18.5–34.9 kg/m² who have not participated in lower-body resistance training during the previous 6 months.

• Are a recreationally active (≥150 minutes per week of physical activity) male between the ages of 18-35.
• Are willing to come in for all five visits.

• are between the ages of 18-35 years,
• either have had an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) surgery or have not had an injury to either of your knees,
• have not been medically diagnosed with a concussion in the previous 6 months,
• have not been medically diagnosed with colorblindness,
• have no known neurological (nervous system) disorder (i.e. Multiple Sclerosis),
• have not taken opioid medication (pain medication) in the last 2 weeks,
• are not pregnant of planning to become present during study participation, and
• have no contraindications to brain MRI (you will complete a screening form).

ACL Group:

• Age of 18-35 years
• History of only one ACL reconstruction within the previous 2 years
• Medical clearance for return to unrestricted activity

Uninjured Group:

• Age of 18-35 years
• No history of lower limb surgery
• No history of significant lower limb injury within previous 6 months (defined as seeking medical attention, or missing >3 consecutive practices or games)