Research Study Participation

• Male or female between the ages of 18-40 years old.
• Healthy and ready for physical activity as determined by questionnaires you complete about your health status.
• Currently resistance training and have trained for a minimum of 6 months. To be included, you must have completed 3 resistance training sessions (defined as muscle strengthening activities such as free weights, weight machines, or calisthenics, etc.) per week with at least one lower body session. This will be determined by a Training History Questionnaire (THQ).
• Premenopausal, with a regular menstrual period as determined by the menstrual status questionnaire (female participants only).
• Currently not pregnant and do not intend to become pregnant (female participants
  only).
• Currently not taking dietary supplements that may affect study outcomes (e.g., creatine, beta-alanine) and willing refrain from taking such supplements while enrolled in the study. If you are currently using such supplements, you will be permitted to enroll in the study after not taking such supplements for a period of four weeks.
• Willing to adhere to all pre-testing visit instructions including abstaining from exercise for the duration of the study and abstaining from alcohol for 24 hours prior to each study visit.
• Currently consuming ≤ 300mg caffeine (≤ three 8oz cups of coffee) per day on average and willing to keep caffeine intake consistent throughout the duration of the study. Also willing to avoid caffeine intake for 12 hours prior to visits 3, 4 and 5 and not consume caffeine the morning of these visits.
• Free from previous or current lower body injuries that may limit your ability to complete either exercise or physical assessments.
• Highly likely to be successful at providing the required blood samples. This will be determined during visit 1 by a certified phlebotomist.
• Not regularly taking any type of prescription or over-the-counter medication which might affect the assessments, or having any chronic illnesses, which require medical care. This will be determined in your medical history questionnaire.

• Ages: 18-75
• Chronic low back pain (lasting 3+ months)
• Pain intensity: 3/10 or higher in the past 24 hours
• Access to email and the internet

• Male or female adult (18-40 years old)
• Complete less than 150 minutes per week of aerobic exercise and less than 2 full-body
  resistance training sessions per week
• Free from implanted pacemakers/defibrillators
• Free from open cuts/wounds on your right hand and foot
• Metabolically healthy (we will determine this using a health history questionnaire,
  fasting blood glucose < 100mg/dL, and a resting blood pressure < 140/90 mmHg)
• Not actively attempting to gain/lose weight

• 18+ years of age
• Free from implanted pacemakers/defibrillators
• Free from open cuts/wounds on the right hand/foot

• Age of 18-35
• No history of lower extremity surgery ever
• No history of lower extremity injury (defined as seeking medical attention) within the last 2 years

• Adults 18-40 years of age   
• Familiarity with the names of foundational yoga poses  
• Physical activity is not contraindicated (i.e., no affirmative responses on the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire for Everyone [PAR-Q+])  

• are between the ages of 18-35 years,
• either have had an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) surgery or have not had an injury to either of your knees,
• have not been medically diagnosed with a concussion in the previous 6 months,
• have not been medically diagnosed with colorblindness,
• have no known neurological (nervous system) disorder (i.e. Multiple Sclerosis),
• have not taken opioid medication (pain medication) in the last 2 weeks,
• are not pregnant of planning to become present during study participation, and
• have no contraindications to brain MRI (you will complete a screening form).

• Physically Active Adults (Current Tegner Activity Scale of at least 5)
• Male and female adults, aged 18-30 years

Inclusion criteria – ACL group:

• Age 18-35 years
• History of primary unilateral ACL reconstruction (ACLR) within last 2 years
• No history of any lower limb surgery besides the current ACLR
• Medical clearance to initiate jogging

Inclusion criteria – Uninjured group:

• Age 18-35 years
• No history of lower extremity surgery
• No history of lower extremity injury (defined as seeking medical attention) within last 2 years

• Are 18–50 years old.
• Have had low back pain for more than 12 weeks, rated 3/10 or higher in the past 48 hours.
• Are resistance trained (2x/week for the past 8 weeks